2.Modes of asexual reproduction

     4.Spore Formation (sporulation)

Spores are very minute unicellular asexual reproductive bodies which get dispersed and form new individuals on germination.They occur in bacteria,fungi,algae and many protists

Sporulation

                  5.Fragmentation

In this method of reproduction,the parent body divides into many pieces called fragments,each of which develops into a new offspring by regeneration.This method is quite common in algae , fungi and bryophytes. It is also common in some sponges ,platyhelminthes , nemertines and echinodermates.

Itvis caused by mechanical disturbance , or wave action (e.g.,sponges) death and decay of older part etc. It is a common method of reproduction in green filamentous alga like Spirogyra. Here all the cells are capable for photosynthesis , growth and division. Therefore each filaments grows into new filament.

6.Regeneration

The capacity of the animal by which lost or cut out orgamns are repaired , replaced or restored or even whole body is reconstituted from a small fragment of it during post-embryonic life of the organism is known as regeneration. The lost organs are replaced by growth or remodelling of somatic cells.

The process of regeneration was discovered in Hydra in 1740 by Trembly. It is helpful in multiplication of some animals like Planaria and Hydra. Planaria has extremely high regenerative ability. The body of Planaria divides into many pieces , each piece has the ability to form a complete body.

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1.Methods of asexual reproduction

⭐ Asexual reproduction is occurs by following methods;

                                1.Fission                                                                                           

  This type of reproduction is common in unicellular organisms like bacteria and protozoa.

In this method the body of the parent divides into two approximately equal parts ,each of which grows into an individual similar to the parent.

Fission is of two types: 1.Binary fission

                                          2.Multiple fission

                               2.Plasmotomy

This type of reproduction occurs in multinucleated protozoans like Opalina and Pelomixa.

In this case , the body of parent organisms is divide into two or more small sized multinucleated daughter organism.

         

3.Budding

Budding is an unequal division of an organism.The simplest type of budding occurs in protozoans like Vorticella and Ephelota .

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Types of reproduction

Modes of reproduction

The modes of reproduction are different for different species and available condition .

Organisms show two basic type of reproduction:

1.Asexual reproduction

2.Sexual reproduction.

     1.Asexual Reproduction.

Asexual reproduction involves a single parent for reproduction.

There is no need of any specialized sex organs or reproductive cells in the body.

In other words the production of offspring by a single parent without the formation and fusion of gamets is called asexual reproduction.

   2.Sexual Reproduction.

Sexual reproduction involve two parents as a rule each of which contribute special sex cells(gametes) which fuse together to form zygote(fertilization) that develops into a new individual .

In sexual reproduction only one sex , female can produce offspring and this much depends upon the intervention of the male .

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Reproduction in organism

Reproduction is a characteristic feature of all organism for continuation of species.

"Reproduction is a process of producing new individuals of the same kind of pre existing ones."

All the organism reproduce for the perpetuation of their species.Reproduction is an important aspect of life as no organism can survive forever,for every organism death is inevitabl The genetic material of an organism is transmitted to the next generation by r All the organism reproduce for the perpetuation of their species.Reproduction is an important aspect of life as no organism can survive forever,for every organism death is inevitable.Thus the loss of  members caused by ageing,disease,accidents and all other reasons is compensated by Reproduction .Thus the loss of  members caused by ageing,disease,accidents and all other reasons is compensated by Reproduction

The genetic material of an organism is transmitted to the next generation by r All the organism reproduce for the perpetuation of their species.Reproduction is an important aspect of life as no organism can survive forever,for every organism death is inevitable.Thus the loss of  members caused by ageing,disease,accidents and all other reasons is compensated by Reproduction reproduction